In order to evaluate the yield and some morpho-Phenological Traits of wheat genotypes and their genetic diversity, 115 wheat genotypes were assessed based on field and laboratory experiments and RCBD design with 3 replications in Gonbad-kavous University in 2015-16. According to the results, there was significant difference between all measured Traits except grain length. Though the number of tillers per square meter has positive correlation with the highest grain yield (0. 794, p<0. 01). Based on the results of step wise regression, the total number of tillers per square meter has been the greatest effect on grain yield. The results of path analysis showed that the highest direct effect on grain yield/m was related to the harvest index (0. 640) and the total number of tillers per cubic meter had the most indirect effect on grain yield through biological yield (0. 458). In addition, 115 wheat genotypes were clustered into two groups which had similarities in terms of genealogy and some measured Traits. Therefore, it could be concluded that the harvest index and the number of tillers per m 2 are the most suitable indirects selection for improving yield of seeds in screening programs.

Current research was performed to identify molecular markers associated to phonological Traits including days to tillering, days to stem elongation, days to heading, days from stem elongation to heading, grain filling period and days to physiological maturity based on 407 AFLP and SSR markers in 148 barley cultivars by association mapping. This experiment was conducted in two alpha lattice designs with five incomplete blocks in two replications under normal and salt stress (EC=12 dsm-1) conditions in Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Yazd, Iran in 2015-16. Association mapping was evaluated based on mixed linear model (MLM) using Structure and Tassel soft wares. Based on the 407 markers used in this study, population genetic structure subdivided into two subpopulations (K=2) that barplot results also confirmed it. In association mapping based on MLM, 4 and 46 markers showed significant relation with assessed Traits under normal and salt stress, respectively and explained considerable variations of studied Traits. In this study, some co-localized QTLs were identified for studied Traits. Common markers between of Traits can be due to pleiotropic effects or linkage between of genomic regions involved in these Traits. Results of the current study presented useful information about the genetic basis of the studied Traits and can be used in different barley breeding programs including marker-assisted selection.

In order to study the genetic diversity of yield and its components, and also some of morphological and Phenological characteristics, 364 soybean genotypes were studied, based on an augmented design with three checks and six blocks, in Seed and Plant Improvement mstitute, Karaj, Iran, during 2003-04. These genotypes (35 determinate, 183 semi determinate and 149 indeterminate, most of them were from 1-4 maturity groups) were included mostly imported genotypes and some of germ plasm from national breeding programs. Results showed that there were highly significant differences among genotypes for all studied characteristics, because they were from different maturity groups. Number of pods in branches, number of branches and number of sterile nods in the beginning of maturity stage, had high phenotypic coefficients of variations. The percent of oil and protein and number of nods in the beginning of seed constitution stage had low phenotypic coefficients of variations. The results of simple correlation showed that the biomass, number of seeds and number of pods per plant had high correlation with seed yield per plant. The Traits related to growing stages such as days to complete flowering and days to complete maturity, had significantly positive correlation with plant height (P<1%). Based on cluster analysis, 364 genotypes were classified in three groups for yield and its components Traits. The discriminate functions for three groups, obtained by cluster analysis, were also formulated. Two functions described 100% of variance among genotypes. The most important characters for distinguishing these groups were number of seeds per plant, seeds yield and biological yield.

Understanding of the Phenological and morphological basis of seed yield has an important role in rapeseed prolific yield. To prove this, a field experiment was conducted as a randomized complete blocks design with four replications using 8 rapeseed cultivars (Okapi, Amika, Orient, Zarfam, Sarigol, Talayeh, Hayola308 and Hayola401) in research farm of Islamic Azad University, Pars Abad Moghan Branch in 2009-2010. The aim of this study was to detect the relationship between Phenological phases with seed yield of rapeseed. Results showed that difference between cultivars was significant (P<0.01) and it concluded that cultivars could be divided into three groups based on grain yield: high, medium and low yielding cultivars. High yielding cultivar (Hyola401) with respect to Phenological development pattern was earlier in flowering, pod development and physiological maturity stages and had also longer flowering period. Comparison of morphological Traits between high and low yielding cultivars showed that Traits such as biological yield, pod number per main raceme, pod number per plant, seed number per pod, length of main raceme and branch number per plant had the most effect on increasing of yield in the high yielding cultivars. So, the highest and lowest yield were recorded in Hyola401 (5.75 t/ha) and Orient (3.07 t/ha) respectively. Therefore, those Traits are promised standards to choose for the prolific rapeseed cultivar.

In order to study the effect of morpho-Phenological Traits on yield of common bean, an experiment was conducted Research Farm of college of Agriculture, University of  Tehran at Karaj in 1997. The experiment was arranged as observational nursery using 576 genotypes from Gene Bank of University. In this study 22 quantitative Traits were evaluated. Principal components analysis was used to determine the' factors involved in yield. In addition to emphasis the importance of yield components by factors analysis, it determined five factors that were effective in yield in which by this 77.1% of total variation in data was explained. These factors were yield and yield components, seed characteristics, phenalogical characteristics, growth vigor and pod size. Factor analysis successfully reduced the number of correlated variables to low number of mian factor. Overall, it was concluded that four improvement of the been cultivars, selection must be based on Traits such as number, weight, length and width of pods, number of nodes, number of seed per plant and seed weight.

Considering the high production potential of quinoa plant, especially under stressful conditions such as drought and salinity, it is necessary to introduce new and high-yielding genotypes for cultivation in different regions of Iran. The objective of this research was to evaluate the diversity of 26 new and foreign quinoa genotypes in terms of morphoPhenological characteristics. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with three replications in greenhouse of Rice Research Institute of Iran (RRII), Rasht, in 2021. The results of analysis of variance showed that there was a very significant statistical difference among the studied genotypes for all measured Traits. Factor analysis using the principal components method identified three main and independent factors that explained 39.19, 24.63, and 15.94%, respectively, and in total about 80% of the total variance. In addition, cluster analysis based on Ward's minimum variance grouped the studied 26 quinoa genotypes into three separate clusters; including 14, 7, and 5 genotypes, which very largely corresponded to grouping of the principal components. In total, the results of the current study showed that among the studied 26 quinoa genotypes, genotype No. 12 with 1000-grain weight, panicle length, and grain yield higher than the other genotypes as well as dwarfism and earliness characteristics was the most valuable genotype of this experiment. Furthermore, genotypes No. 4, 8, 17, and 18 for grain yield, genotypes No. 7, 13, and 15 for earliness, and genotype No. 14 for dwarfism, were the promising genotypes of this research, which can be used to transfer earliness and dwarfism to high-yielding genotypes in future breeding programs.

In order to identify the correlations and relationships between different Traits in the bread wheat, 30 genotypes were investigated as sub-factors under the split plot experiment in the completely randomized design in greenhouse and the randomized complete block design in the field with three replications under the normal irrigation and post-anthesis water stress conditions. The results of the canonical correlation analysis showed that at both normal and moisture stress levels, there was a significant correlation between the pair of canonical variables obtained from the Phenological Traits and the yield components. Under the normal conditions in the greenhouse, to increase the spike density and length, the number of days to 50% flowering can be considered as a suitable selection criterion. According to the results of canonical correlation analysis, under the stressed conditions in greenhouse, to increase the spike length, the number of days to the heading, maturity and 50% of flowering were among the important and effective factors. Under the optimum irrigation conditions in the field, the number of days to maturity was considered as one of the factors influencing the seed weight per spike. The results of canonical correlation analysis under the field stress conditions showed that to increase the 1000-seed weight, the number of days to maturity can be considered an appropriate selection criterion.

The chamomile species of Anthemis triumfettii (L.) All is one of important medicinal plant belong to Compositae family and it grows as wild species in Zagros and Alborz Mountains, Iran. The aim of this study was to evaluation of morphological and Phenological Traits and their relationships with essential oil. Seeds of seven accessions were sown in jiffy pots and transferred to field using randomize block design with three replications in Alborz research station, Karaj, Iran during 2011-12. Data were collected and analyzed for canopy diameter, plant height, flower number, flowering date, maturity date, shoot fresh and dry weight, Essential oil percentage and GDD to flowering and maturity dates. Results showed significance differences for all Traits (P<%1) except of essential oil percent. Populations of Gorgan1 and Gorgan2 had higher values for essential oil yield and shoot yield than other populations. Population of Loshan flowered earlier than other population due to low values of its growth degree days (GDD). Simple correlation analysis showed that shoot dry weight was positively correlated with shoot fresh weight, canopy diameter, flower number, and negatively correlated with flowering and maturity date. Essential oil content was positively correlated with flower number and negatively correlated with flowering and maturity date. Results of stepwise regression analysis for essential oil% as dependant variables and other Traits as independent variables showed negative effects of flowering and maturity date and positive effect of canopy diameter on essential oil content. Similarly, for essential oil yield as dependent variables, the shoot dry weight, essential oil%, flowering date and GDD were entered in final regression equation. The results of path analysis showed that maturity date had negative direct effect on oil%. In contrast, both Shoot dry weight and essential oil% had positive and direct effect on oil yield.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ) is the most important food crop. It offers a great wealth of material for genetic studies due to its wide ecological distribution. The effects of GCA and SCA of morpho-Phenological Traits i. e. days to emergence, days to flowering, days to maturity, flag leaf length, grain filling duration, spike weight per plant, stem weight and grain yield were studied utilizing an 8×8 half diallel cross according to Griffing’ s method II of Fixed model (I). Kouhdasht, Mehregan, Karim, Line 17, N-80-19, Atrak, N-92-9 and Ehsan cultivars were evaluated based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two replications at the research farm of Gonbad Kavous University during fall 2017-2018. The analysis of variance and effect of SCA were significant for all the characters which showed a significant variability among their parents for all studied Traits. The analysis of variance indicated that the effect of GCA was significant for all Traits except for days to maturity and grain filling duration (p≤ 0. 05). The obtained results from the mean square ratio of GCA to SCA showed that non-additive genetic variance played a predominant role in the inheritance of most Traits. Based on GCA and SCA effects obtained from biplot analysis on 8 parents, N-92-9×Ehsan, N-92-9×Kouhdasht, Mehregan×Atrak, Ehsan×Line 17, N-80-19×Mehregan and Karim×Karim were detected as the best hybrids for grain yield. Further studies in relation to the agronomic Traits, can improve our knowledge about the wheat cultivars used in the present study and can direct future breeding programs.